Characteristics of the Hungarian language in AX Semantics
Fundamentals
Hungarian is an agglutinative language with multiple suffixes for one word (maximally 6 suffixes for one word). Hungarian doesn't need gender. Opinions differ on how many cases exist in Hungarian and what is or is not an adverbial suffix. On the AX NLG platform, we consider 18 cases.
| grammatical name | values | examples |
|---|---|---|
| number | singular | a lakás (the apartment) |
| plural | a lakások (the apartments) | |
| cases (noun) | nominative | lakás |
| dative | lakásnak | |
| accusative | lakást | |
| terminative | lakásig | |
| translative | lakássá | |
| adessive | lakásnál | |
| ablative | lakástól | |
| allative | lakáshoz | |
| illative | lakásba | |
| elative | lakásból | |
| delative | lakásról | |
| essive-formal | lakásként | |
| essive-modal | lakásul | |
| inessive | lakásban | |
| instrumental-comitative | lakással | |
| causal-final | lakásért | |
| sublative | lakásra | |
| superessive | lakáson | |
| adjectives | pre-noun | a régi lakás (the old apartment) |
| verb tenses | present | ő lát (he sees) |
| past | ő látta (he saw) |
The standard order of a noun phrase in Hungarian is the following: determiner + numeral + adjective + noun + preposition.
See for example:
ezen a három gyönyörű folyón át
these three beautiful rivers[sg,superess] across
DET NUM ADJ NOUN PREP
"about these three popular books"
In Hungarian prepositions are rather expressed via case markings and, if used, they are mostly put as postpositions behind the noun. Some postpositions like át can be used both before or after the noun, e.g. át a folyón = a folyón át ["across the river"].
Lexicon
Nouns
For Hungarian nouns in LEXICON, the inflection table needs to encode the case and number. The preposition switch and determiner switch are also available.
The lexicon entry for lakás (apartment) contains:
- inflection table for case and number:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | lakás | lakások |
| dative | lakásnak | lakásoknak |
| accusative | lakást | lakásokat |
| terminative | lakásig | lakásokig |
| translative | lakássá | lakásokká |
| adessive | lakásnál | lakásoktól |
| ablative | lakástól | lakásoktól |
| allative | lakáshoz | lakásokhoz |
| illative | lakásba | lakásokba |
| elative | lakásból | lakásokból |
| delative | lakásról | lakásokról |
| essive-formal | lakásként | lakásokként |
| essive-modal | lakásul | - |
| inessive | lakásban | lakásokban |
| instrumental-comitative | lakással | lakásokkal |
| causal-final | lakásért | lakásokért |
| sublative | lakásra | lakásokra |
| superessive | lakáson | lakásokon |
The lexicon entry for Egyesült Arab Emírségekben (the United Arab Emirates):
- case and number (like above inflection table)
- always get the definite determiner ("az")
note
If you need lexicon entries for countries, write to the support about that and you will get them for Hungarian with automatic handling of determiners.
Adjectives
Hungarian adjectives do not inflect, when used in the attributive position before a noun. There is no need to add lexical entries for Hungarian adjectives.
Verbs
The verb lemma in Hungarian is always the third person singular indefinite present tense. The AX NLG platform covers the most common inflection rules for verbs. Namely, most verbs will automatically inflect correctly after the user configures number, person, and tense in the verb container. However, you should manually add the verb to the lexicon if you find that a verb inflects inaccurately.
Hungarian verbs have definite and indefinite conjugation (e.g. látok "I see it" vs. látom "I see (something)"); the AX NLG platform offers the indefinite type of conjugation as default.
Container settings
Numerals
The noun will automatically agree with the numeral number when you use a numeral variable. There is no need to add additional branches for numeral. Four types of numerals are possible on the AX NLG platform: cardinal, cardinal as digit, ordinal, and ordinal as digit.
| cardinal | ordinal | |
|---|---|---|
| text | Kilenc egér a szobámban. (Nine mice in my room.) | A kilencedik nap az iskolában. (The ninth day at school.) |
| digit | 9 egér a szobámban. (9 mice in my room.) | A 9. nap az iskolában .(The 9th day at school.) |
For Hungarian, ordinal numerals are written out until 32, otherwise (above 32) the output is in digit form. Cardinal numerals are written out until 10, otherwise (above 10) the output is in digit form. Take cardinal numerals for example:
tíz autó
(ten cars)
11 autó
(11 cars)
Determiner
Definite, indefinite, demonstrative, and possessive determiners are available for Hungarian on the AX NLG platform. These determiners will be automatically added when users configure them in the container. On the other hand, if you manually set the determiner switch for the specific noun in the LEXICON, it will automatically switch to another determiner when you add the determiner to the container.
If the definite article "a"; is used in a container and it is followed by a vowel, it is automatically adapted to "az":
a nagy autó (the big car)
az iskola (the school)
Possessive determiners are put inside the noun between plural and case marker:
könyve-i[pl.]-m[poss.1st.sg]-et[acc.] (könyveimet = my books)
Examples
Case Switch
- a lot of countries don't need a lexicon entry. So the default for determiners has to be "none" and only added for the (less common) ones that need a definite article.
In the sentence:
Ausztráliából Párizsba utaztak.
(They traveled from Australia to Paris.)
The container configuration needs the cases annotated: elative for Ausztrália and illative for Párizs to apply them correctly.
For some countries the case is not elative but sublative (the suffix changes from ból to ról). For example,
Máltáról Párizsba utaztak.
(They traveled from Malta to Paris.)
Another case switch happens from illative to delative when for example Máltá is in the second position in the sentence:
Párizsból Máltára utaztak.
(They traveled from Paris to Malta.)
Here the suffix ba changes to ra. Both case switches are saved in the lexicon for the countries that need these switches.
Determiner Switch
Some countries need a definite article in Hungarian. For example
Az Egyesült Arab Emírségekben élnek.
(They live in the United Arab Emirates.)
For countries the lexicon adds the definite article to the container if needed.
Vowel harmony
The AX platform applies vowel harmonies automatically. Vowel harmony means that many inflection suffixes have different variants, that are used depending on what kind of vowels a word contains. Normally this choice is between front and back vowel variants. For example the 1st person singular present tense suffix for verbs has the variants -ok, -ek and -ük and therefore the choice is between back, short-front and long-front vowel words. Since the verb lát includes only a back vowel, the corresponding suffix is -ok and the inflected form is látok.
lát (to see) -> látok (I see)